Penukonda

CONFIDENCE: marked medium because the 2011 population carried here is published only by Wikipedia; the town is below the 1-lakh threshold of the official Census 2011 provisional cities table, and no official per-town census page could be retrieved. The civic status itself IS official (CDMA ULB directory). DISAMBIGUATION: this Penukonda is the Vijayanagara-era fort town and historic Tamil Jain centre in Sri Sathya Sai district. It is NOT the Arya Vysya / Vasavi Kanyaka Parameswari birthplace town, which is Penugonda in West Godavari district (officially renamed 'Vasavi Penugonda' on 31 December 2025). The two must not be conflated. Urban local body merged with its mandal-headquarters record. Civic status per the official CDMA ULB directory (listed as 'PENUKONDA', grade code 'NP' = Nagar Panchayat). Wikipedia's district article states 'Nagar Panchayat'. 2011 population 27,382 is as published by Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Sathya_Sai_district); no live official census URL for this town could be retrieved, so the population figure is medium-confidence even though the civic status is official. Revenue division: Penukonda. The mandal name is from the official district portal; the grouping into revenue divisions is from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Sathya_Sai_district, because the official portal's mandal table is not explicitly grouped by division. Division assignment is therefore medium-confidence. Official portal https://srisathyasai.ap.gov.in/revenue-divisions/ lists 5 revenue divisions (Puttaparthi, Penukonda, Kadiri, Dharmavaram, Madakasira). Madakasira revenue division was formed on 31 December 2025 per https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Sathya_Sai_district. SOURCE CONFLICT on counts: the same portal's https://srisathyasai.ap.gov.in/mandal/ prose says 'Sri Satyasai District Consists of 29 Mandals' yet its own table numbers 32 mandals, and https://srisathyasai.ap.gov.in/demography/ reports 29 revenue mandals and only 3 revenue divisions. This dataset carries the 32 mandals tabulated on the official portal. IMPORTANT DISAMBIGUATION. Penukonda in Sri Sathya Sai district is the Vijayanagara-era fort town: after the 1565 defeat at Talikota, Emperor Tirumala moved the capital here, where it remained until 1592. Wikipedia also records it as a major Jain centre, one of four Vidyasthana in the Tamil Jain tradition, with the Pache Parsvanath Swamy temple consecrated A.D. 1359. It is a Nagar Panchayat and mandal headquarters. It is NOT the Penugonda of the Arya Vysya founding tradition. Sources place the Vasavi Kanyaka Parameswari birthplace at a different Penugonda, in West Godavari district, renamed 'Vasavi Penugonda' by the Government of Andhra Pradesh on 31 December 2025 - see the separate scope note in this file. No source was found tying the Vasavi founding tradition to Penukonda in Sri Sathya Sai district.